J-, K- and N-class destroyer

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HMS Javelin in 1941
Class overview
Operators
Preceded byTribal class
Succeeded byL and M class
SubclassesJ, K, N
Built1937–1941
Planned25
Completed24
Cancelled1
Lost13
Scrapped11
General characteristics (J and K classes as built)
TypeDestroyer
Displacement
Length356 ft 6 in (108.7 m) o/a
Beam35 ft 9 in (10.9 m)
Draught12 ft 6 in (3.8 m) (deep)
Installed power
Propulsion2 × shafts; 2 × geared steam turbines
Speed36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph)
Range5,500 nmi (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement183 (218 for flotilla leaders)
Sensors and
processing systems
ASDIC
Armament
General characteristics (N class where different)
Displacement
  • 1,773 long tons (1,801 t) (standard)
  • 2,384 long tons (2,422 t) (deep load)
Armament

The J, K and N class consisted of 24 destroyers built for the Royal Navy beginning in 1938. They were a return to a smaller vessel, with a heavier torpedo armament, after the Tribal class that emphasised guns over torpedoes. The ships were built in three flotillas or groups, each consisting of eight ships with names beginning with "J", "K" and "N". The flag superior of the pennant numbers changed from "F" to "G" in 1940.

The ships were modified throughout their wartime service, particularly their anti-aircraft (AA) guns; they were also fitted with radar.

Design history[edit]

Church service aboard HMS Javelin, August 1940. Note the 4-inch QF Mk V anti-aircraft gun at upper left and the depth charges at bottom right

The design was intended as a smaller follow-on from the preceding Tribal class, and incorporated one radical new idea that was a departure from all previous Royal Navy destroyer designs. That was the adoption of a two boiler room layout. This reduced hull length and allowed for a single funnel, both reducing the profile and increasing the arcs of fire of the light anti-aircraft (AA) weapons. However, this also increased vulnerability, as there were now two adjacent large compartments with the resultant risk of a single well-placed hit flooding both and resulting in a total loss of boiler power. This illustrates somewhat, the Admiralty's attitude to the expendable nature of destroyers.[citation needed] This is of course, as opposed to the three-boiler-room layout that was used starting with the F class in the early 1930s. Early ships also tended to use twin boiler rooms, which are still a great improvement over a single boiler room. In any case, destroyers are lightly armoured and fast vessels meant to survive by avoiding being hit at all. The odds of a single hit striking just the right spot to disable both boiler rooms simultaneously were considered remote enough to be worth risking in exchange for the benefits given by a two-room layout. During prewar trials "...On a light displacement Jackal attained 37.492 knots, on the Arran mile in 60 fathoms, 34.37 knots deep. Jupiter in 75 fathoms made 33.835 knots light, 33.045 knots deep displacement."[1]

A significant advancement in construction techniques was developed by naval architect Albert Percy Cole. Instead of going for transverse frame sections which were unnecessarily strong, but held together by weak longitudinals, Cole opted for extra strong longitudinals and weaker transverse frames.[2]

Another advancement was changes to the bow design. The bow form was also modified from that of the preceding Tribal-class design; the clipper bow was replaced by a straight stem with increased sheer. This change was not a success and as a consequence, these ships were very wet forwards. This shortcoming was rectified from the S class onward by returning to the earlier form.

Despite the vulnerability of the boiler layout, the design was to prove compact, strong and very successful, forming the basis of all Royal Navy destroyer construction from the O class up to the last of the C class of 1943–1945.

The armament was based on that of the Tribals, but replaced one twin QF 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark XII (L/45) gun mount with an additional bank of torpedo tubes. These mountings were capable of 40° elevation and 340° of training. Curiously, 'X' mounting was positioned such that the blind 20° arc was across the stern, rather than the more logical forward position where fire was obscured by the bridge and masts anyway. This meant that they were unable to fire dead astern. With the tubes now 'pentad', a heavy load of 10 21-inch (533 mm) Mark IX torpedoes could be carried. AA armament remained the same, consisting of a quadruple QF 2-pounder (40 mm (1.6 in) Mark VIII gun mount and a pair of quadruple 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) Vickers Mark III machine gun mounts. Armament was further improved by replacing the quadruple machine guns with 20 mm Oerlikons.[3] These ships, when completed, had a comparatively heavy close range AA armament.[4] Fire control arrangements also differed from the Tribals, and the dedicated high-angle (H/A) rangefinder director was not fitted, instead only a 12 ft (3.7 m) rangefinder[5] was carried behind the nominally dual purpose[6] Director Control Tower (DCT). In the event, the rangefinder was heavily modified to allow it to control the main armament for A/A fire, and was known as the "3 man modified rangefinder". These ships used the Fuze Keeping Clock HA Fire Control Computer.[7]

The N class were ordered in 1940 as repeats of the J design, after delays and cost over-runs associated with the larger and more complicated L and M class. The only design change was to locate the 'X' 4.7-inch mounting in the more logical position with the 20° training blindspot forward. While building, the same early wartime modifications as the Js and Ks were applied, with a pair of twin power-operated 0.5 in machine gun turrets briefly carried on the quarterdeck before being replaced by single 20 mm Oerlikons.

Modifications[edit]

In 1940 and 1941, to improve the anti-aircraft capabilities, all ships had their aft torpedo tubes removed and replaced with a single 4 inch gun QF Mark V on a HA Mark III mounting. The relatively ineffective multiple 0.5-inch machine guns were replaced with a single 20 mm Oerlikon, with a further pair added abreast the searchlight platform amidships. The high-speed destroyer mine sweeps were replaced with a rack and two throwers for 45 depth charges and a Type 286 Radar air warning was added at the masthead alongside Type 285 fire control on the H/A rangefinder-director.

In 1942 the 4 in gun was removed and the torpedoes returned to all surviving vessels. The 20 mm Oerlikons were replaced with twin mountings (except those on the quarterdeck) and a Type 291 Radar replaced the Type 286. Jervis, Kelvin, Nerissa and Norman had the searchlight replaced with the "lantern" for centimetric target indication radar Type 271; Javelin and Kimberley having the lighter Type 272 fitted at the truck of the foremast. Napier, Nizam and Norseman (and later, Norman) had American SG1 Radar fitted at the head of a new lattice foremast, Norman replacing her Type 271 set with a single 40 mm Bofors gun. By the end of the war, the surviving J and K ships carried a lattice mast with a Type 293 radar target indication at the truck and a Type 291 air warning at the head.

Service[edit]

Being amongst the Royal Navy's most modern and powerful destroyers at the outbreak of war, they were extensively committed. As a result, losses were heavy. Of 24 ships built 13 were lost (six J, six K and one N class), mostly in the Mediterranean in 1941–1942, although they did serve against the Japanese later in the war. France was expected to deal with most of the enemy threat in the Mediterranean, so the French capitulation resulted in heavy British losses in the Mediterranean as the British were unable to allocate many resources to the region. The remainder were scrapped after the war.

Ships[edit]

J class[edit]

Construction data
Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Jervis [a] Hawthorn Leslie & Company, Hebburn 26 August 1937 9 September 1938 12 May 1939 Sold for scrap, 1949
Jackal John Brown & Company, Clydebank 24 September 1937 25 October 1938 31 March 1939 Bombed off Mersa Matruh, 11 May 1942, and scuttled the following day
Jaguar William Denny & Brothers, Dumbarton 25 November 1937 22 November 1938 12 September 1939 Sunk by the German submarine U-652, 26 March 1942
Juno (ex-Jamaica) Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Govan 15 October 1937 8 December 1938 25 August 1939 Sunk by aircraft, 21 May 1941
Janus Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Wallsend 29 September 1937 11 October 1938 5 August 1939 Sunk by German aircraft, 23 January 1944
Javelin (ex-Kashmir) John Brown & Company, Clydebank 11 October 1937 21 December 1938 10 June 1939 Sold for scrap, 1949
Jersey J. Samuel White, Cowes 20 September 1937 26 September 1938 28 April 1939 Mined, 2 May 1941, and sank 2 days later
Jupiter Yarrow & Company, Scotstoun 28 September 1937 27 October 1938 25 June 1939 Hit a mine during the battle of the Java Sea, 27 February 1942, and sank the following day
Jubilant Ordered March 1937, cancelled December 1937
  1. ^ Flotilla leader

K class[edit]

Construction data
Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Kelly [a] Hawthorn Leslie & Company, Hebburn 26 August 1937 25 October 1938 23 August 1939 Sunk by German aircraft, 23 May 1941
Kandahar William Denny & Brothers, Dumbarton 18 January 1938 21 March 1939 10 October 1939 Mined off Tripoli, 19 December 1941, and later scuttled
Kashmir (ex-Javelin) Thornycroft, Woolston 18 November 1937 4 April 1939 26 October 1939 Bombed by German aircraft, 23 May 1941
Kelvin Fairfield Shipbuilding, Govan 5 October 1937 19 January 1939 27 November 1939 Sold for scrap, 1949
Khartoum Swan Hunter, Wallsend 27 October 1937 6 February 1939 6 November 1939 Sank in Perim Harbour after an exploding torpedo air vessel started a fire which reached the aft magazine, 23 June 1940
Kimberley Thornycroft, Woolston 17 January 1938 1 June 1939 21 February 1940 Sold for scrap, 1949
Kingston J. Samuel White, Cowes 6 October 1937 9 January 1939 14 September 1939 Seriously damaged by the Italian battleship Littorio during the Second Battle of Sirte, 22 March 1942. Bombed by German aircraft while in dry dock, 11 April 1942, and written off as a constructive total loss.
Kipling Yarrow & Company, Scotstoun 26 October 1937 19 January 1939 22 December 1939 Bombed and sunk by German aircraft off Mersa Matruh, 11 May 1942
  1. ^ Flotilla leader

N class[edit]

Note: The N-class destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy were manned and commissioned by the Australians, but remained the property of the British government.

HMAS Nepal underway
Construction data for N-class destroyers of the Royal Netherlands Navy
Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Noble Denny 10 July 1939 17 April 1941 20 February 1942 To the Netherlands as Van Galen 1942, sold for scrap, 1957
Nonpareil 22 May 1940 25 June 1941 30 October 1942 To Netherlands as Tjerk Hiddes 1942. To Indonesia as Gadjah Mada 1951, sold for scrap, 1961
Construction data for N-class destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy
Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Napier [a] Fairfield 26 July 1939 22 May 1940 11 December 1940 Sold for scrap, 1955
Nestor 9 July 1940 12 February 1941 Bombed by Italian aircraft, 15 June 1942, and scuttled
Nizam John Brown 27 July 1939 4 July 1940 19 December 1940 Sold for scrap, 1955
Norman Thornycroft 30 October 1940 29 September 1941 Sold for scrap, 1958
Nepal (ex-Norseman) 9 September 1939 4 December 1941 29 May 1942 Sold for scrap, 1955
  1. ^ Flotilla leader
Construction data for N-class destroyers of the Polish Navy
Name Builder Laid down Launched Completed Fate
Nerissa John Brown 26 July 1939 7 May 1940 12 February 1941 To Poland as Piorun 1940, returned as HMS Noble 1946, sold for scrap in 1955

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ March 1966, p. 350
  2. ^ Mountbatten of Burma (December 1979). "Destroyer Design – HMS Kelly". Naval Historical Society of Australia. originally printed in Naval Historical Review, December 1979. Letter to the editor.
  3. ^ Hodges & Friedman 1979, p. 31
  4. ^ Hodges & Friedman 1979, pp. 12, 14, 23, 24, 106, 110, 142: Previous to the Tribal class, RN destroyers carried either two 2 pdr AA guns or twin quadruple 0.5 in Vickers machine guns.
  5. ^ Langtree 2002, p. 36
  6. ^ Hodges & Friedman 1979, p. 29
  7. ^ Hodges & Friedman 1979, p. 30

References[edit]