Svalinn

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The Chariot of the Sun by W. G. Collingwood

Svalinn is a legendary shield in Nordic mythology which stands in front of Sun, protecting the world from her heat. It has been suggested to be part of a continuous tradition of solar imagery dating back to the Nordic Bronze Age.


Etymology[edit]

Svalinn in Old Norse translates as "cold" or "chill" and is derived from the verb svala, meaning "to cool", in turn from the adjective Old Norse: svalr ('cool'), from Proto-Germanic: *swalaz from Proto-Germanic: *swelaną ("to burn slowly, create a burningly cold sensation") from Proto-Indo-European: '*swel-' ("to shine, warm up, burn").[1][2][3]

Attestations[edit]

Grímnismál[edit]

In Grímnismál, Odin gives the role of Svalinn as part of his description of the cosmology:

Old Norse text[4] Orchard translation[5] Bellows translation[6] Dronke translation[7]
Árvakr ok Alsviðr
þeir skulu upp heðan
svangir sól draga;
en und þeira bógum
fálu blíð regin,
æsir, ísarnkol.
Svalinn heitir,
hann stendr sólu fyrir,
skjöldr, skínanda goði;
björg ok brim,
ek veit, at brenna skulu,
ef hann fellr í frá.
Early-waker, All-swift:
from here they have
to drag wearily on Sun;
but under their saddle-bows the Aesir have concealed,
kind powers, cooling irons
Chill is the name,
of what stands before the sun,
a shield before the shining god.
mountains and oceans
I know should burn,
if it fell from in front.
Arvak and Alsvith
up shall drag
Weary the weight of the sun;
But an iron cool have the kindly gods
Of yore set under their yokes.
In front of the sun
does Svalinn stand,
The shield for the shining god;
Mountains and sea
would be set in flames
If it fell from before the sun.
Early Waker and All Strong
—slim steeds—up from here
have to haul the sun;
but under their withers the blithe powers
implanted
eternal [currents of] iron-cold air.
Shiver is its name,
he stands before the sun,
a shield for the shining goddess.
Mountain and main
I know must burn,
if he falls off.

Nafnaþulur[edit]

In the Nafnaþulur section of the Prose Edda, Snorri Sturluson records Svalinn in a list of shields:

Old Norse text[8] Ingham translation[9]
Gjallr, döggskafi
ok gimskýlir,
böðljós, grýta
ok böðskýlir,
svalinn ok randi,
saurnir, borði,
skuttingr, barði,
skírr, tvíbyrðingr,
örlygr ok svarmr,
eilífnir, heiðr,
baugr, fagrbláinn,
bera, miðfjörnir.
Resounding, dew-scraper
and gem-shelterer,
battle-light, stony
and battle-shelter,
cooled and board,
defiled, border,
little stern, beaky,
sheer, double boarded,
battler and roarer,
everlasting, shining,
ring, fair-dark,
carried, middle-protector.

Sigrdrífumál[edit]

In Sigrdrífumál, runes are described as being carved on a shield, identified with Svalinn, along with the horses that draw Sun's chariot.[10]

Old Norse text[8] Orchard translation[11]
Á skildi kvað ristnar,
þeim er stendr fyr skínandi goði,
á eyra Árvakrs
ok á Alsvinns hófi,
á því hvéli, er snýsk
undir reið Hrungnis,
á Sleipnis tönnum
ok á sleða fjötrum
On the shield they should be cut,
that stands before the bright god,
on Early-waker's ears
and the hoof of All-swift,
on the wheel turning
under Hrungnir's chariot,
on Sleipnir's teeth,
and on the straps of sledges


Interpretation and symbolism[edit]

The gilded side of the Trundholm sun chariot

The association between the sun and shields is noted both in Þórsdrápa, in which the sun is described as 'the splendid sky-shield',[12][note 1] and in Skáldskaparmál, in which a kenning for 'shield' is the "sun of the ship" (Old Norse: skipsól). This relationship between ships, shields and the sun has been suggested to originate in the Nordic Bronze Age, in which all three form part of the sun myth.[13] Ritual shields dating to the Bronze Age have also been discovered in Scandinavia which have been noted by scholars to resemble the sun and were possibly used to represent it in a religious context.[14]

In the Nordic Bronze Age, the sun could be depicted as a wheel cross or a disc, as with the Trundholm sun chariot. It has been argued that the disc later ceased to be seen as a representation of the sun god herself and instead as it appears in the sky, as a round shield. By this theory, the role of the shield in preventing the world from overheating came later to explain its presence.[15]

See also[edit]

Explanatory notes[edit]

  1. ^ An alternative reading based on different emendations identifies Svalinn itself as the 'sky-shield'.[12]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Wang 2017, p. 23.
  2. ^ svala.
  3. ^ svalr.
  4. ^ Grímnismál (ON), Stanza 37 & 38.
  5. ^ Orchard 2011, p. 56, Grímnismál: The lay of Grímnir, stanza 37 & 38.
  6. ^ Bellows 2004, Grimnismol stanza 37 & 38.
  7. ^ Dronke 2011, The Lay of Grimnir, stanza 37 & 38.
  8. ^ a b Nafnaþulur (ON), Stanza 58.
  9. ^ Ingham, Stanza 58.
  10. ^ Orchard 2011, Notes, Sigrdrífumál: Sigrdrífa's lay (15).
  11. ^ Orchard 2011, Sigrdrífumál: Sigrdrífa's lay, stanza 15.
  12. ^ a b Gade 2017, p. 85.
  13. ^ Wang 2017, p. 25.
  14. ^ Wang 2017, p. 6.
  15. ^ Branston 1980, p. 69.

References[edit]

Primary[edit]

  • Bellows, Henry Adam (2004). The Poetic Edda: The Mythological Poems. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486437101.
  • Dronke, Ursula (2011) [1969]. The Poetic Edda. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198111825.
  • Gade, Kari Ellen (2017). Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 9782503518947. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  • Ingham, Marion. Viðauki I: Nafnaþulur.
  • Orchard, Andy (2011). The Elder Edda: A Book of Viking Lore. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141393728.
  • "Grímnismál (Old Norse)". heimskringla.com. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  • "Nafnaþulur (Old Norse)". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 26 September 2022.

Secondary[edit]

  • Branston, Brian (1980). Gods of the North. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • Wang, Lanchun (2017). Freyja and Freyr: Successors of the Sun: On the Absence of the Sun in Nordic Saga Literature. Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo. S2CID 55929363.
  • "svala". Wiktionary. 3 July 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  • "svalr". Wiktionary. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
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