Talk:Liber Linteus

Unwitting

Are experts sure about the unwittingness? I read something about the possibility of the person being of Etruscan ancestry. -- Error 04:29, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Links

I removed the link http://www.maravot.com/Translation_Zagreb_Mummy.html for the site does not contain any worthwhile information. The translation is based on Etruscan being an Indo-European tongue, which is manifestly is not. Also, the translation makes the text into some kind of religious poem, which again is unlikely. The actual contents are likely to be along to lines of:

March. ...on the eighteenth day sacrifice a calf to the great and holy Tinia, for the sake of the people and the city; on the twentieth day sacrifice two unblemished goats to great Nefluns, for the king and his family; on the twenty-fourth day...

Oswax 15:04, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Etruscan (RASENIAN) language was Indo-European and not Semitic, Coptic or Hebrew... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.58.53.252 (talk) 11:37, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Picture request

{{Photo requested}} A drawing would be enough.

Curious phrasing

Can anyone shed some light for me on what the emphasized phrasing means: "He often told his visitors that it was the body of King Stephen of Hungary's sister and it was not meaningless what he said, although obtained only as a oral tradition." It's weird and doesn't seem to make sense to me somehow. Atypicaloracle (talk) 13:48, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

I totally agree on this, its a weird thing to say and in a strange context (talk)

Translation

The translation of the formula : "śacnistres cilthś śpureśtreśc enaś" given by user Corey Goranson is totally phantastic. This formula recurs very often followed (after some words concerning timing) by the other : "ŝacnicleri cilthl śpureri methlumeric enaś". Now these two are certainly related to the ritual action described in the text.

Śacnistreś and śacnicleri are both words created by adding suffixes to the root word śacni which may only mean sacred, consacrated, holy etc. The first one may mean sacred brotherhood or simply sacerdotes, priests. Cilth may mean temple (or city, nation, arx) but it is uncertain. Śpurestreś is likewise formed on from śpura which certainly means city, thence means citizens. The second formula clarifies the meaning of the first in adding methlumeric, inflected form of methlum which certainly means the region and its people, just as touta in Osco-Umbrian, thence the second formula means : "for the sanctuaries of the cilth, the towns and the toutas". The discussion of enaś would be too uncertain but at this point is irrelevant to prove Goranson's translation a figment of his/her imagination. I doubt anybody dared write such things on a paper too. Cf. the review of van der Meer 's book by McTurfa and Becksmith online and also Wylin's book on the Etruscan verb available at googlebooks.Aldrasto11 (talk) 10:11, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

The translation given for that passage is that of van de Meer, a major scholar on Etruscan. I agree that it has now been superseded, but it is (or was at the time proposed) hardly 'phantastic'! Johundhar (talk) 05:00, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

There is now another scholarly work on the LL by V. Belfiore, Rome, 2010. It has been reviewed by van der Meer on the BMCR, available online. It contains very informative remarks.Aldrasto11 (talk) 11:40, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

And this here's the pdf review of van der Meer's own work on the LL. We can cite it, especially p. 3, which seems to deal with at least one of the phrases in question. In the circumstances, I'd just cut out the omniglot-sourced (?) citation and translation, and go with der Meer, via the pdf if we must. Haploidavey (talk) 15:55, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

I've removed the dubious translation and the cited blog-link. We don't use blogs as sources. Haploidavey (talk) 16:22, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

An IP editor has twice added what seems to be their own version, based on a blog. Their material's contentious and seems to go against scholarly consensus in reliable, published scholarly sources. I've reverted. Haploidavey (talk) 11:08, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

linen to Egypt via Rome?

I wonder how these linen wrappings came to be in Egypt? At the time Etruria was very much under the Roman boot. I wonder if they were spoils of war (Roman versus Etruria) and then somehow got to Egypt as a consignement essentially of waste rags. 203.217.59.229 (talk) 01:09, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

I read somewhere (sorry, don't have the reference at hand, right now--I'll try to track it down) that some think the Etruscans probably fled to Egypt to escape the Romans, then at some point a (presumably) non-Etruscan Egyptian acquired it somehow and used it for a mummy wrapping.Johundhar (talk) 18:25, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

The text and partial translation

I have hidden this section added by user @Johundhar. Its length surpasses any reasonable limit being basically a dissertation on every line and every word of the manuscript and not an encyclopedic article. Moreover, I suspect a possible copyright violation from L. B. van der Meer. Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. I didn't tag the section as a copyvio hoping that someone (Johundhar?) could paraphrase the essentials in two or three paragraphs. — 2dk (talk) 22:49, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

OK, I'll work on it.Johundhar (talk) 01:14, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

OK, I gave it a shot. Please look it over and give feedback, if you would. Is that something along the lines you were thinking of? Is it still too detailed. Also, I notice that in other articles involving texts, they often include a sample of the text with a translation (if available). My "dissertation" started with something like that, but I got a bit carried away ([embarrassed face] it is a very intriguing text, though!). How much, if any, of such textual material can or should be presented in transliteration. I noticed that LL was first transliterated over 100 years ago. If that transliteration is used, can more be included? Or is that kind of detail of a long text just not done here? Thanks for any guidance you see fit to give on this.Johundhar (talk) 06:16, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

Well Johundhar they left it out, although they might not have seen your comment since you didn't use {{u}}, {{re}}, or {{ping}} to poke the automated messaging system. In any case, no, they shouldn't've commented out so much of the article. If they didn't want to move it to Wikisource, it should've been parked here, parked on a subpage like Liber Linteus/Text, or put into a visible but collapsed section. Shouldn't this all be using actual Etruscan letters now that they're in Unicode? — LlywelynII 13:26, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

===The text and partial translation=== The Greek character χ = ''k''^h (aspirated k), θ = ''t''^h (aspirated t), and ϕ = ''p''^h(aspirated p). The form ''ś'' was probably a distinct sibilant (s-like sound) from ''s'', probably the sound of English "sh" /ʃ/. Because the text was torn up to make mummy wrappings, each column got divided into strips, represented here (following van der Meer and others) with capital letters A, B, C etc. The E strip is missing in all the columns. Elements in [square brackets] are missing or reconstructed (mostly based on parallels elsewhere in the text).<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp. 44-168</ref> : ====Column 1==== The first column is badly damaged, with just the words at the end of some lines legible from the fourth (D) strip: ::1 [...zi]χri . epa . fira ::2 [...]. versum . spanza ::3 [...] etraśa . ::4 [...] ziχri . cn . θunt ::5 [...]uχtiθur Notes: The form ''ziχ-ri'' in lines 1 and 4 is from a well attested root ''ziχ'' "to write," with the necessitive ending ''-ri'' yielding "has to be written." Van der Meer tentatively proposes that ''epa . fira'' are nouns in asyndetic coordination starting a new clause or sentence, meaning "the meal and the funerary symposium (in the sense "drinking ceremony")," taking ''epa'' to be related to Latin ''epulum'' "feast, banquet." In line 2, ''spanza'' seems to be a diminutive of a well attested word for "vase" or "dish" ''spant-''. In line 4, ''cn'' is the accusative of ''ca'' "this" so not part of the clause with the immediately preceding ''ziχri'' "must be written." The form ''θu-n-t'' seems to be a ''-t'' participle of a verb ''θu-n-'' "to be first," itself from the well attested word for "one" ''θu''. Together, ''cn θunt'' may be an accusative temporal clause meaning "during the first daylight." The other words are otherwise unknown or of uncertain meaning.<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp. 44-48</ref> ====Column 2==== The B, E and F strips are missing. A ::n1 [...] śacnistreś ::n2 cilθś . śpureśtreśc . ena ś . eθrse . tinśi ::n3 tiurim . avilś . χiś . cisum . pute . tul. θansur ::n4 haθrθi . repinθic . śacnicleri . cilθl ::n5 śpureri . meθlumeric . ena ś . suθ . raχti Notes: The phrase ''śacnicstreś cilθś śpureśtreśc enaś'' (2A 1–2) is discussed above under '''Content.''' It is repeated with a slight variation in lines 4-5 ''śacnicleri . cilθl'' / ''śpureri . meθlumeric . enaś'', and both variations recur throughout the text. The sequence from ''eθrse'' in 2.n2 to ''enaś'' in 2.n5 is repeated in Column 2 strip C lines 5–8. The certain words in this section include ''tiuri-m'' "in the month" and ''avil-ś'' "of the year" which make it clear that we are dealing with some kind of ritual calendar.<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 p. 56</ref> There seems to be little scholarly agreement on the rest of the words, though in many cases the grammatical endings can be safely determined. C ::2 [...ec]n zeri . lecin . inc . zec ::3 faśle . hemsince . śacnicleri . cilθl ::4 śpureri . meθlumeric . enaś . śvelstrec . svec . an ::5 cś . mene . utince . ziχne . śetirunec (the next two lines repeat 2.n2-n5 as mentioned above) (2.8-9 copies what immediately precedes above from śvelstrec in line 2.4.) D ::10 raχθ . tura . nunθenθ . cletram . śrenχve ::11 tei . faśei . zarfneθ . zuśle . nunθen ::12 farθan . aiseraś . śeuś . cletram . śrencve ::13 raχθ . tura . nunθenθ . tei . faśei . nunθenθ ... Notes: The word ''śvel-s-tre-c'' in 2.4 shows up as ''śvele-re-c'' in 2.8, in both cases probably to be translated "for/on behalf of the living beings" if this is from the verb ''śval-/śvel-'' "live." If this, as it seems, is in coordination with the preceding word ''enaś,'' it could be contrasting with it, meaning that thus otherwise mysterious word refers to the city or land of the dead. It is generally assumed that ''ena-'' is the name of an actual city somewhere in the part of Italy where this text is from, but no such has been identified with certainty. In 2.10 and 13, ''tura'' is the verb "give." In 2.10, 11, 12 (and throughout much of the rest of the text), ''nunθen(θ)'' is a well attested Etruscan verb that may mean "offer, make an offering" or "announce." In 2.10 and 12, ''cletram'' is a well attested apparent borrowing from the [[Umbrian|Umbrian Language]] ''kletram'' (accusative of ''kletra'') "litter" to carry animals and fruit involved in the rite. As a borrowing, it is uninflected in Etruscan. It is modified by the apparent adjective ''śrenχve'' of uncertain meaning. In lines 2.11 and 13, ''tei faśei'' probably means "with this oil (''faśei'')," and ''zuśle'' is a well attested word referring to an animal to be sacrificed, probably a piglet. So a tentative translation from ''cletram'' in 2.10 to ''nunθen'' at the end of D.11 would be: "With this oil, offer the ''zarfneθ'' piglet on the śrenχve (decorated?) litter." In line 12, ''farθan'' seems to refer to some kind of divine power or ''genius loci'', also mentioned in column 4 line 8 and in column 9 line 14. The next phrase, ''aiseraś śeuś'' is the genitive plural of ''aiser śeu'' "of the <big>ś</big>eu gods," though what specific gods these refer to is unclear. The phrase recurs in column 5 line 8 and in column 12 line 2.<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp. 34, 67-74</ref> ====Column 3==== The B, E and F strips are missing. A ::1 [...]-θ ::2 mulac . l-[...hu]rsi . puruθn . epris ::3 hilare . a[cillaχ...]mulaχ . zuśleva ::4 mac cav[eθ...vin]um . huslna ::5 laetim . h[amϕi...cluc]traś . caperi Notes: #In lines 2 and 3, ''mula-c/χ'' probably means "dedicate" based on the frequency of its occurrence on votives. In line 3, ''hilare acilθ'' probably means "it being necessary (''acil-θ'') to acquire..." #The phrase ''mulaχ zuśleva mac'' (3-4) probably means "dedicate five (''mac'') pigs." #In line 4, ''vinum huslna'' seems to mean "new(ly opened) wine". #In line 5, ''laetim hamϕi'' probably means "on the left and on the right", a fairly frequent pairing, and compare ''hamϕes laeś'' below in 10.6. The pair ''cluctraś caperi'' is obscure but may refer to the clothing of the officiating priest, perhaps "cloaks and cape."<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp. 74-77</ref> C ::12 [fl]er . etnam . tesim . etnam . c[elucn] ::13 cletram . śrenχve . trin . θezine . χim . fler ::14 tarc . mutinum . anancveś . nac . cal . tarc ::15 θezi . vacl . an . ścanince . saucsaθ . persin ::16 cletram . śrenχve . iχ . ścanince . clz . vacl ::17 ara . nunθene . śaθaś . naχve . heχz . male A tentative partial translation: "The sacrifice (''fler''), be it funerary (''tesim''), [or] be it chthonic (''cel-ucn'') [is to be put] / on the decorated litter. Then say (''trin''): 'The sacrifice (''fler'') and the ''tar'' are presented (''θezine'') as the offering (''χim'').'/ And collect (''mutinu-m'') the goblets (''anancveś'' ?? if related to Latin ''anancaeum'' Greek ''anagkaion'' "large drinking cup"; otherwise "collect whatever [is left]"); and then (''na-c'') present ('' θezi'') the ''cal'' and the ''tar''. / The libation (''vacl'') that (''an'') was poured (''ścanince''?) ''saucsaθ persin'' (??) / just as (''iχ'') it was poured on the decorated litter. Make (''ara'') the libation three times (''ciz''). / Make (or "announce"?) the offering (''nunθene'') [as it has been] established (''śaθaś'')), carry [it] out (''heχz'') as is appropriate (''naχve''), [and] observe (''male'') [the appropriate rituals](??)." <ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp. 78-82</ref> Notes: In the [[Tabula Capuana]] in lines 2 and 6, the form ''savc-nes'' is thought to be the name of a god(dess?), and it may be related to the form ''sauc-saθ'' in 3.15. D ::18 vinum . usi . trin[θ] . flere . in crapśti ::19 un . mlaχ . nunθen . θaclθi . θarθie . ciar ::20 huslne . vinum . eśi . sese . ramue . racuśe ::21 faśei śpureśtres . enaś . eθrse . tinśi ::22 tiurim . avilś . χiś . cisum . pute . tul . θans ::23 hantec . repine[c] . śpureri . meθlumeric ::24 [enaś? ...] "Scoop (''usi'') the wine, saying (''trin-θ''): 'Oh spirit (''flere'') that (''in'') [is] in ''Craps,'' / to him (''un'') make a nice (''mlaχ'') offering (''nunθen'' = "offer, make an offering").' On the chair (''θacl-θi''?) [and] on the bed (''θar-θie''??) make (''-ar'') a three(-fold offering? ''ci-'') with new wine, or (''eśi'') [make the offering] with ''sesa'' [or] with ''ramua'' [or] with ''racusa'' [or] with oil (''faś-ei''?)..." The rest follows the sequence first seen in 2.n2ff. Notes: If these latter untranslated words--''eś-i . ses-e . ramu-e . racuś-e ''--are fluids as wine and oil are, and if ''ramu-'' can be connected with Latin ''ramus'' branch and ''racus-'' to Greek ''rach''{{dubious|date=October 2022}} "berry"; perhaps these mean respectively something like "resin wine" and "berry wine." The forms ''sesa'' and ''sesui'' occur on cups, so this is presumably also some drinkable liquid. The phrase ''flere in crapś-ti'' in 3.18 recurs frequently, and seems to mean "the spirit (''flere'' or "deity") that (''in'') [is] in ''Craps.'' " The latter term is thought to be connected to the [[Umbrian]] god ''Grabovius'' mentioned frequently in the [[Iguvine Tablets]], but also perhaps connected to oak trees. Oaks were also sacred to Jupiter, and being dense were particularly prone to lightening strikes. Rix thought the phrase (whatever its meaning) was a tabu replacement for ''Bacchus'' as the worship of that god had been forbidden by Rome in 186 bce (though this assumes a later date for the composition of this text than is generally accepted). As ''laetim hamϕi'' seem to mean "on the left (and) on the right," the similarly much repeated ''ha(n)te-c repine-c'' (and variations thereof) may mean "both in front and behind," or "good and propitious"<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp. 83-87</ref> ====Column 4==== Much of this column consists of formulas that have already appeared above. The mention of "first fruits" suggests that we are in spring, but no date is clearly mentioned in the extant text. The Deity in Crap is invoked in C, and various deities are called on to receive offerings in D. A ::1 [...]e[ ::2 eθrse . tinśi . tiurim . avilś . χiś . ec[n zeri lecin] ::3 inc . zec . fler . θezince . cisum . pute . t[ul . θans] ::4 hatec . repinec . meleri . sveleric . sv[ec . an] ::5 cś . mele . θun . mutince . θezine . ruz[e Notes: For 4.2-4, see similar text at 2.n2-5, 2.2-4, and 2.8-9. ''mele-ri'' "for crops." 4.4-6 (from ''svec''): "And the ''Sve'' priest, he who (''an'') / of this (place, or occasion?) has had the first (''θun'') fruit (''mele'') collected (''mutince''), presents ('' θezine'') [them] according to custom and ritual rules (''ruze / nuzlχne-c'' ??)." B ::6 [nuzlχne]c . śpureri . meθlumeric . enaś ::7 raχθ . tura ] zarfneθ . zuśleveś . nunθen ::8 [farθan . f]lereś . in . crapśti . cletram ::9 [śrenχv]e . raχθ . tura . heχśθ . vinum ::10 [nunθen . c]letram . śrenχve . raχθ . suθ ::11 [zarfneθ .] zuśleveś . nunθen . estrei Notes: Most of these phrases repeat what has been seen in 2.n2, 2.n5, 2.10-11, 3.17-18. Rix's reconstruction ''farθan'' means ''genius/tutelary spirit'' (of the deity that is in ''Craps''). 4.11-12 : "Offer with roasted (''estre-i'' ??) barley / (''alϕazei'') on the adorned litter." C ::12 alϕazei . cletram . śrenχve . eim . tul . var ::13 raχθ . tur . nunθenθ . faśi .cntram . ei . tul ::14 var . celi . suθ heχśθ . vinm . trin . flere ::15 in . crapśti . un mlaχ . nunθen . χiś . esviśc ::16 faśei...(the rest of 16-19 follows 4.3-6 from ''cisum'' to ''enaś'') 4.12-16 "and do not (''ei-m'') finish (''tul''), [but] ''var'' (listen? wait?); / give to the fire, offering oil during this same (if ''cntram'' is for ''cntnam'' as in 7.2, etc) [morning?]; do not finish, / [but] ''var'' [and] place (''suθ '') [it] on the ground (''cel-i''). Pour a libation (''heχśθ''?) of wine; invoke (''trin'') the spirit (''flere'') / who (''in'') (is) in ''Craps''; for him (''un'') present (''nunθen'') an appropriate (or "nice" ''mlaχ'') [offering] with the oil (''faśei'') of the ''χi'' [day/festival?] and of the ''esvi'' [day/festival??]..." D ::18... ::19 ... sin . flere in . crapśti ::20 χiś . esviśc . fase . śin . aiser . faśe . śin ::21 aiś . cemnac . faśeiś . raχθ . sutanaś . celi ::22 suθ . eisna . pevaχ . vinum . trau . pruχś (Here follows a blank space of at least two lines. E and F are missing) 4.19-22: ""Receive (''sin''), oh Spirit (''flere'') who (''in'') (is) in ''Craps'', with oil (''fase'') of ''χi'' day(?) and of the ides (''esvi-ś-c'' ?); receive, oh gods, with oil; receive, oh Ciminian god, with oil, placing (''sutanaś'') [it/them] in the fire (''raχθ''), [or] place (''suθ'') [it/them] on the earth (''celi'') / [according to the] new (''pevaχ''?) ritual (''eisna ''?)."<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp.87-92</ref> Notes: The forms ''sin/śin'' seem to mean "receive," making the deity names that follow each vocatives. The phrase ''aiś cemnac'' may refer to a god (''aiś'') of a region *Ciminium; compare ''Lacus Ciminius'' the Latin name for modern Lago di Vico, and San Martina al Cimino just to its north. ====Column 5==== A ::1 vunuχ [mlaχ nunθen] etn capeśi fa[śe] ::2 ecn . zeri . lecin . inc . zec . fasle . hemsince ::3 śacnicsteś . cilθś . śpurestreśc ::4 enaś . eθrse . tinśi . tiurim . avilś . χiś ::5 cisum . pute . tul . θansur . haθrθi . repinθic "For them (''vunuχ'' if a mis-writing of ''unuχ'') an appropriate offering, this (''et-n'' accusative) with a cape (''capes-i'') and with oil." For the rest through 5.10, see above, column 2, and 4.11-12. B ::6 śacnicleri . cilθl . śpureri . meθlumeric ::7 enaś . raχθ . suθ . nunθenθ . etnam . farθan ::8 aiseraś . seuś . cletram śrencve . racθ ::9 suθ . nunθenθ . estrei . alϕazei . eim . tul ::10 var . celi . suθ . nunθene . eiser . śic . śeuc ::11 unuχ . mlaχ . nunθen . χiś . esviśc . faśe From 5.10, at ''nunθene'': "Make an offering (''nunθene'') for the gods [both] of light (''śi-c'') and of dark (''seu-c''), / for them (''unuχ'') make an appropriate (''mlaχ'' or "nice") offering with oil (''faśe'') from the ''χi'' (ritual/festival) and the ''esvi'' (ritual/festival)" C ::12 cisum . pute . tul . θansur . haθrθi . repinθic ::13 śanicleri . cilθl . śpureri . meθlumeric ::14 enaś . sin . eiser . śic . śeuc . χiś . esviśc ::15 faśe . sin . eiser . faśeiś . raχθ . sutanaś ::16 celi . suθ . vacl . θesnin . raχ . cresverae ::17 heczri . truθ . celi . epc . śuθce . citz . trinum 5.12-14 see 2.n3-5. 5.14-17 from ''sin'': "receive, (''sin'') oh gods both of light and of darkness, the oil of ''χi'' and of ''esvi''; / receive, oh gods, [this] oil, placing [it] on the fire, and place [it] / on the earth: / (during?) the morning (''θesnin'') libation (''vacl''), place (''hecz-ri'') fire (''raχ'') in the ''cresvera''; / make ritual observations ('' truθ'') of the earth, and let a participant of the funereal meal (''ep-c'') make the three-fold (''ci-tz'') placement ('' śuθce''). And invoke (''trin-um'')..." D ::18 hetrn . aclχn . ais . cemnac . truθt . raχś . rinuθ ::19 citz . vacl . nunθen . θesan . tinś . θesan ::20 eiseraś . śeuś . unuχ . mlaχ . nunθen . θesviti ::21 favitic . faśei . cisum . θesane . uslanec ::22 mlaχe . luri . zeric . zec . aθeliś . śacnicla ::23 ciθl . śpural . meθlumeśc . enas cla . θesan From 5.17 at ''trinum'' to 5.22: "And invoke / the ''hetra'' (and) the ''aclχa'' ("works"? if from ''ac-'' "work"), and the Ciminian gods (''ais cemna-c''). Make ritual observation (''truθt'') of the fire (''raχ-ś'') in the ''rinu''. / (Make) a libation (''vacl'') three times (''ci-tz''). Make an offering (''nunθen'') to ''Θesan'' ("Dawn Goddess" or "Venus") of ''Tin'' ("Jupiter" or "bright(ening) sky") and to ''Θesan'' / of the Dark Gods (''eis-era-ś śeu-ś''); for them (''unuχ'') make an appropriate (''mlaχ'' or "nice") offering with oil of the morning (''θes-viti''? locative adjective, like the next, agreeing with "oil" ''faśei'') / and of the evening (''favitic''??). (Also) a three-fold (''ci-sum'') (libation?) in the morning (''θesan-e'') and during the noon (hour) (''uslan-e-c'') / to the beautiful (''mlaχe'') ''Lur'' (probably an underworld god; name may be related to Latin ''luridus'' "pale") and ''Zer'' (probably also an underworld god, seen, probably also in 2.2)." The phrase ''zec aθeliś'' at 5.22 is opaque. The word ''zec'' also occurs at 2.2, but ''aθeliś'' ("of ''aθeli''"?) is not otherwise attested. The phrase ''śacnicla / cilθl śpural meθlumeśc enas '' 5.22-23 also occurs in various forms throughout the text, first at 2.2-3. The final phrase ''cla θesan'' "in the morning" regularly marks the end of ritual offerings. ====Column 6==== Here we have the first recognizable dates: ''zaθrumsne'' "on the 20th" (presumably in May, probably already mentioned in the missing part of 6.1) in 6.9, and in 6.14 ''eslem . zaθrumiś . acale'' literally "two less of 20 in June" that is "on the 18th of June." It is notable that each date is preceded by a gap: in the first instance just the end of line 8 (perhaps for a date within the same month as a preceding missing date), and in the second by a gap of three lines, here marking that we are in a new month perhaps. Similar three-line gaps can be seen below before a date in August (8.1) and before the next date in September (8.3). These firmly establish that the text is indeed some kind of sequential ritual calendar, even though the extant first 5 columns show no discernible dates—presumably they were in the parts of the text that are missing or illegible. A ::1 tś sal s[...] aceva . śnuiuϕ . aniχeis ::2 śnuiuϕ . urχeiś . ceśc . aniaχ . urχ . hilχvetra ::3 hamϕeiś . leiveś . turi . θui . streteθ . face ::4 apniś . aniaχ . apniś . urχ . pereθeni . śnuiuϕ ::5 hamϕeti . etnaim . laeti . anc . θaχśin "Of this (''t-ś'') its own (''sal''?) ...the permanent (''śnuiuϕ''?) priest of the river Ani / (and) the permanent priest of the river Urc, and the ''ces'' ("ad hoc"?) priest of Ani and Urc, shall offer (''tur-i'' or "give") here the set of possessions (''hilχve-tra'') in the sanctuary (''stret-eθ''?) and in the ''faca'', from the right (''hamϕeiś'') and from the left (''leiveś''). / The May priest (''a(m)pnis'', or 'priest of the Father' ''ap-''?) of Ani (and) the May priest of Urc (and) the permanent priest of ''Perthan'' (shall do the same) / on the right as on the left. And he who (''an-c'') starts (''thachsin''?)..." B ::6 θeusnua . caperc . heci . naχva . tinθaśa ::7 etnam . velθinal . etnam . aisunal . θunχerś ::8 _iχ . śacnicla_ ::9 zaθrumsne . lusaś . fler . hamϕisca . θezeri ::10 laivisc . lustraś . fler . vacltnam ::11 θezeric . anθeric . [...]θi 6.6-8: "(And he who starts (the ritual)), let him make (''hec-i'') the ''θeusnua''-garment and the mantle (''caper-c''), making (''tinθ-aśa'') (them) properly (''naχva''?) / both (''etnam'') for the firstlings (''θuχner-ś'') (that are) for the chthonic (''velθin-al'') (rituals) and (those that are) for the celestial (''aisun-al''?) (rituals),/ just as (''iχ'') (has been done) for the priesthood (''śacnicla'')." (That these two words are underlined and followed by a gap probably indicates a paragraph break before rituals for a new date are introduced, as discussed above.) 6.9-11 "On the 20th (of May?), a sacrificial victim (''fler'') must be presented (''θeze-ri'') for Lusa on the right (''hamϕisca''); and on the left (''laivis-c''), a sacrificial victim must be presented for Lustra, then a libation offering (''vaclt-nam''); and they must be X-ed (? ''anθe-ri-c'' "strewn with flowers"?? if from Greek ''anthos'' "flower") on (the right??)." C ::12 etnam . eisna . iχ . flereś . crapśti ::13 θunśna . θunś . flerś (Blank space for three lines) ::14 eslem . zaθrumiś . acale . tinś . in . śarle 6.12-13: "In this way (''etnam'', or "also") the (other) divine (things) (''eisna'') (will be treated) just as (''iχ'') (was) the Spirit (in) Craps (compare Umbrian deity ''Grabovius''), / (with regard to?) the sacrifice (''flerś'') of the first (''θunś'') of the firstlings (''θunśna'' technically and adjective rather than genitive plural)." 6.14-15 "Two less (''esl-em'') of 20 (''zaθrum-iś'') in June (''acal-e'') (that is "on June 18th"), Tin (Jupiter) in the tenth (''in śarl=e'') .../[6.15 region (''luθti'') (of the heavens? But see below for alternatively taking ''luθti'' with ''raχ'')" D ::15 luθti . raχ . ture . acil . caticaθ . luθ . celθim ::16 χim . scuχie . acil . hupniś . painiem ::17 anc . martiθ . sulal (Blank space for three lines) ::18 ...]n[...]c lurniθi (Sections E and F are missing) 6:15-16 "It is necessary (''acil'') to present (''ture'' or "give") fire (''raχ'') on the stone (''luθ-ti'' unless this means "region" and is connected with the preceding phrase), (specifically??) the ''caticaθ'' ("sacred to Cath"??) stone. Moreover (''celθim''), it is necessary to X (''scuχie''??) the offering (''χim'') of/for the resting place/tomb/urn (''hupni-ś'' probably from Greek ''hupnos'' "sleep") ..." --the remainder is (even more) obscure: ''pain-i-em'' may be a locative of a place "Paina"; ''an-c'' usually means "and who" but could mean "whoever" here; ''martiθ'' if related to Latin ''martiol'' could mean (a sacred or solemn ''sul''??) "hammer" such as one carried my Charon and perhaps here by a priest gaveling the end of a ceremony or perhaps for a [[clavum fingere|nail-driving ritual]]. The form ''lurni-θi'' may be related to the underworld Etuscan deity Lur-ni, perhaps "in the place sacred to Lurni."<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp.99-11</ref> ====Column 7==== The repeated phrase ''male ceia hia'' in the A strip may be or include a kind of ritual lamentation (and note the repetitions in 7.5-6: ''vacl vile vale / staile staile''). If so, and given the large number of funerary references in this section such as the words ''hia, firin, ceren-, zelva, murśś, calti, tesim, θaurχ, ścun-'' and possibly ''ceu'', van der Meer proposes that this column deals with the [[Adonai]] ceremony (also likely mentioned in the [[Pyrgi Tablets]]) involving the ritual burial of Aphrodite's consort [[Adonis]] (whose name, however, does not appear in the extant text) in the form of Adonai gardens. These rites are generally agreed to have taken place in mid to late summer (July 19 in Rome), so would fit well into the calendar where we should be in late July or August (though no date is indicated in the extant text here). But working out the exact meaning of much of the text is challenging. The term ''veltre/velθite'' in 7.1 and 7.20 appears to contrast in both cases with ''aisvale'' "celestial gods," so it may here refer to chthonic gods or the spiritual underworld.<ref>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007 p. 120-121</ref> A ::1 [c]eia [. hia . ...male] ::2 ceia . hia . etnam . ciz . vacl . trin . velθre ::3 male . ceia . hia . etnam . ciz . vacl . aisvale ::4 male . ceia . hia . trinθ . etnam . ciz . ale ::5 male . ceia . hia . etnam . ciz . vacl . vile . vale ::6 staile . staile . hia . ciz . trinθaśa . śacnitn Notes: The form ''male'' is a well known verb meaning "see," perhaps here "observe" in the sense "observe the formality of ritual lamentation by saying:". The repeated form ''ceia hia'' may simply be syllables associated with lamentation, basically "woe." They are suspiciously similar to the Greek cry ''hye kye'' "Rain, come!" associated with the Eleusian ceremonies (Proclus Diadoch. ''Ad Plato Tim.'' 293C). Unless ''ceia'' is a form of the (possible) name of a goddess ''Ceu'' (see 7.8 below). The form ''ci-z'' is well known to mean "three times" but whether that relates to what precedes or what follows is unclear. As in strip 7D below, ''velthre'' seems to contrast with ''aisvale'' (see above), both associated on both occasions with ''vacl'' "offering, libation." The root ''trin-'' (7.2,4,6) is thought to be a verb of speaking, perhaps "invoke" or "announce" here. The forms ''vile, vale, staile, ale'' are all obscure (but the last may mean "give!"), though they all may be parallel to ''male'' "observe" which would make them subjunctives/imperatives. The form ''śacn-it-n'' is an accusative meaning "sacred fraternity, priesthood."<ref>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007 p. 112-13</ref> B ::7 an . cilθ . ceχane . sal . śuciva . firin . arθ ::8 vaχr . ceuś . cilθval . svem . cepen . tutin ::9 renχzua . etnam . cepen . ceren . śucic . firin ::10 tesim . etnam . celucum . caitim . caperχva ::11 hecia . aisna . clevana . χim . enac . usil 7.7-11 "(the priesthood) who (''an'') on behalf of (''ceχane'') the citadel (''cilθ'') of/for itself (''sal'' reference??) shall announce a funereal symposium (''firin''?), (shall be?) making (''arθ'') a covenant (''vaχr'') with the goddess ''Ceu'' of the citadel. But a ''sve'' priest (and?) a priest (''cepen'') of the village (''tutin'') (shall be the??) / ''renχzua'' (a word otherwise unattested). Likewise (''etnam'') the priest of the tomb (''ceren'') shall announce a funereal symposium / to the tomb (''tesim'') and also to the earth (''celucum''). But in the tomb chamber (''cai-ti-m''? if for ''cal-ti-''), make (''hecia'') mantles (''caper-χva'') / the divine (''aisna'') ''clevana'' offering (''χim''). And then (''ena-c'') the sun (''usli'')..."<ref>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007 p. 113-116</ref> Notes: The form ''firin'' may be related to ''fira'' which occurs on a tomb, as well as in 1.1 of this text, where it seems to contrast with ''epa'' "meal" (?) and so in this section may mean something like "ritual (here funereal) drinking ceremony; symposium." According to Wylin, the root ''śuci-'' is a verb meaning "announce."<ref>Wylin, K. Il verbo etrusco: Ricerca morphosintatica delle forme usate in funzione verbale, Roma, 2000. pp. 88 and 123</ref> C ::12 cerine . tenθa[sa] cntnam θesan masn . ::13 zelvθ . murśś . etnam . θacac . usli . neχse ::14 acil . ame . etnam . cilθcveti . hilare . acil . ::15 vacl . cepen . θaurχ . cerene . acil . etnam ::16 ic . clevana . śucic . friθvene . acil . etnam ::17 tesim . etnam . celucn . vacl . ara θuni ::18 śacnicleri . cilθl cepen cilθcva . cepen How the text fits together here is rather opaque. The form ''cerine'' should be a passive verbal form meaning "constructed" referring to a tomb, and ''tenθasa'' seems to be participle from ''ten-'' "to function as (a magistrate)." How to construe this, and how/whether it connects with what precedes or follows is unclear. 7.12-19 "during this same (''cntnam'') morning (''θesan''), a ''mas(a)n'' offering (should be presented) / in the tomb chamber (''zelvθ'') of the sarcophagus/urn (''murśś'' if related to Latin ''mora'', perhaps originally "stopping/resting place"); Then (''etnam'') it is necessary (''acil'') (for there) to be (''ame'') also a ''θaca'' ("chair"?) on the day (''usil'' literally "sun") of ''neχse''. / Then it is necessary to have a libation (''vacl'') on the hilltops (''cilθ-cve-ti''). It is necessary for the priest (''cepen'') of the tomb (''θaurχ'') (to ''cerene'' ("construct"? "consecrate"?) (the tomb). Then / (proceed just) as (''ic'') (with the) ''cleva'' ritual (?); and announce (''śuci-c'') the ritual symposium (''firi''); it is necessary to ''θvene'', both (''etnam'') / to the tomb (''tesim'') and to the earth (''celucn''). Make (''ara'') a libation (''vacl'') once (each)(''θuni''?) to the priesthood of the citadel, the priest of the hilltops, / (and) the local (? ''cn-ti-cn-θ'' double locative "at this place") priest /¹⁹ who (''in'') were (''amce'') the burial-priests (''ceren cepar'') at that time (''nac'' ? or "then")."<ref>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007 p. 117-119</ref> D ::19 cnticnθ . in ceren cepar . nac amce . etnam ::20 śuci . firin . etnam . velθite . etnam aisvale ::21 vacl . ar . par . ścunueri . ceren . cepen ::22 θaurχ etnam . iχ . matam . śucic . firin ::23 cereθi enaś . ara . θuni . etnam ceren ::24 ...]θin[... 7.19 (continued) - 22. "Then (''etnam'') /announce ('' śuci'') the symposium/drinking ritual ('' firin''), both (''etnam'') for the earth (''velθite'') and (''etnam'') for the heavens (''aisvale''). / Make a libation in due part (''par'') for the tombs (''ścunueri''), oh ''ceren''-priest (''cepen'') / of the tomb (''θaurχ''), just (''etnam'') as (''iχ'') before (''matan'', or "just as (described) above"?), and announce the symposium (''śuci-c firin'') ..." The rest is obscure. Why the repeated announcement of the drinking ceremony? Perhaps each instance means something like: "tell (the attendees to take) a ritual drink at that moment in the proceedings)? Perhaps for 7.23: "at the tombs (''cere- θi'') of (the city?) ''enas'' do (''ar-a'') (the same?) at once (''θu-ni''). Then (''etnam'') build tombs (''ceren''??) at ''[vel]θin''(?)..." (E and F are missing)<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp.119-121</ref> ====Column 8==== Here, another date is explicitly mentioned, August 13, then sacrifices in honor of Neptune/Nethuns on September 24. This in contrast to the references to Tin during the earlier months of the year above. But reference to ''ais cemnach'', seen in column 4 and 5, is taken up againat 8.16. Reference to the god Nethuns/Neptune continues into the next column. A (Blank space of 3 lines) ::1 θucte . ciś . śariś . esvita . vacltnam ::2 culścva . spetri . etnam . i.c . esvit l e . ampne/eri 8.1 "On Auguest (''θuct-e '') 13th (''ci-ś śar-iś''), (there should be) the ''esvita'' feast ("on the ''ides''?), then (''-nam'') a libation (''vaclt-'')." ::8.2 "The gates (''culś-cva'') must be opened (''spet-ri''?) in this way (''etnam''): just as (''i.c.'') during the (other?) ''estiva'' feast they have to be closed (''ampne-ri''?)..." B (Blank space of 3 lines) ::3 clei . huθiś . zaθrumiś . flerχva . neθunsl ::4 śucri . θezeric . scara . priθaś . raχ . tei ::5 menaś . cltral . mulaχ . huslna . vinum 8.3-4 "On September (''cle-i'') the 24th (''huθ-iś zaθrum-iś''), sacrificial victims (''fler-χva'') to Neptune (''neθuns-l'') / must be announced (''śuc-ri'') [and] presented/sacrificed (''θeze-ri-c'')..." Much of the rest is obscure, involving ''hapax'' (forms only seen once): perhaps—8.4-5 "[and] may be ''scara'' ''priθa''-ing fire (''raχ''), / presenting (''menaś'') ''cltral'' and give (''mulaχ'') young (newly opened) wine (''huslna vinum'')." C ::6 laiveism . acilθ . ame ranem . scare ::7 reuχzina . caveθ . zuślevac . mac . ramurθi ::8 reuχzineti . ramueθ . vinum . acilθ . ame ::9 mula . hursi . puruθn . vacl . usi . clucθraś ::10 caperi . zamθic . vacl . ar . flereri . sacnisa ::11 sacnicleri . trin . flere . neθunsl . une 8.6 starts: "But (''-m'') it is necessary (''acilθ'') (for this ritual) to be (''ame'') (performed) on the right hand side (''laiveism'')..." The phrase ''caveθ zuślevac mac'' "three pigs (as offerings) must be ''cave''-d (?? or in the ''cava'')" also occurs in 3.3-4 in the order ''zuślevac mac caveθ'' followed by the phrase ''huslna vinum'' "young wine" seen also just above in 8.5. So the obscure language before (''ranem scare reuχzina'')and after (''ramurθi reuχzineti ramueθ'') this may again be describing various kinds of wine used in the ritual. 8.8-11: "It is necessary (''acilθ'') for there to be (''ame'') wine./ Give (''mula'') the ''puruθa'' ("pure wine"??) to ''hur-''. Scoop (''usi'') a libation (''vacl'') with the golden (''zamθic'') mantle (''caperi'') of the ''cluctra'' ("cloak"?). / Make (''ar'') a libation (''vacl'') for the deity (''flere-ri''). Praying (''sacni-sa'') / for the priesthood (''sacnicleri''), invoke (''trin'') the deity of Neptune (''flere neθuns-l''); for him (''une'')..." Notes: The phrase ''mula hursi puruθn'' occurs also in line 3.2, and ''hursi-'' also in 12.7. D ::12 mlaχ . puθs . θaclθ θartei zivaś fler (Interpuncts are mostly illegible because only less than bottom half of line is visible in the second half of the line.) ::13 θezine . ruze . nuslχne . zati . zatlχne ::14 śacnicśtreś . cilθś . śpureśtreśc . enaś . ::15 eθrse . tinśi . tiurim . avilś . χiś . hetrn (8.13-15 to χiś = 2.n1-3) ::16 aclχn . aiś . cemnaχ . θezin . fler . vacl ::17 etnam . tesim . etnam . celucn . trin . alc ::18 ...]θ 8.11-13 : "...for him (''une'') an appropriate (''mlaχ'' or "nice") (offering) is placed (''puθs'') on the chair (''θaclθ''?) (and) on the bed (''θartei''?). A living (''zivaś'') sacrifice (''fler'') / is presented/slaughtered (''θezine''), ''nuslχne'' ("bound"? or "killed"?) with ''ruza'' ("rope"? or "and ax"?)." Notes. At the end of line 8.13, ''zati zatlχne'' are an alliterating pair otherwise unknown in the Etruscan record. Watmough and others have compared ''satlχne'' with Latin ''satelles'' "attendant; axe-striker".<ref>Watmough, M. M. T., "Studies in the Etruscan loanward in Latin" ''Biblioteca di 'Studi Etruschi' '' 33, Firenze, 1997</ref> 8.14-15 (from ''hetrn'') mirrors 4.12 and 5.17-18, while 8.15-17 (from ''vacl'') copies 3.12. In line 8.17, ''trin al-c'' probably mean "invoke and give!." (E is missing) F ::f1 [--19--] naχva . ara . nunθene ::f2 [śaθaś . naχve . heχz . ma]le . huslneśtś ::f3 [trin . flere . neθuns]l . un . mlaχ nunθen ::f4 [θaclθi . θartei . ci ar . ] huslne . vinum eśi ::f5 [sese . ramue . racuse .] faśeic . śacnicśtreś ::f6 [cilθś . śpureśtreś . enaś . eθ]rse . tinśi 8.f1: "Make (''ara'') worthy things (''naχva'' or "lofty things") (and) offer (''nunθene'') (them)!" 8.f2 mirrors 3.17, etc. 8.f3: "Invoke the spirit of Neptune; for him make an appropriate offering." Compare 5.1. 8.f4-5: "On the chair and on the bed make (''ar'') (and offering) three times (''ci'') with young (''huslne'') wine or (''eśi'') / with ''sesa, (or? and?) with ramua, (or? and?) with racusa'' and oil (''faśe-i-c'')." Compare 3.19-20. For the rest, see again 2.n1-2. (J is missing. What follows is a reconstruction by Rix) ::i1 [tiurim . avilś . χiś . cisum . pute . tul . θans .] ::i2 [hatec . repinec . śacnicleri . cilθl .] These reconstructions are based on 2.n3-4. ====Column 9==== Much of the text in 9 exhibits formulas seen above. Neptune is again prominent here (9.7,14,18,22), along with ''aiser'' "the gods" at 9.23 and ''eis cemnac'' "the Ciminian god" at 9.23-24 (the latter if Rix's reconstruction is to be accepted). There is also a (partial) date given at 9.f2: ''ciem cealχuś'' "the 27th" presumably still of September (''celi''). (S is missing; the following is Rix's reconstruction, based on 9.5-8.) ::s1 [ śpureri . meθlumeric . enaś . raχθ ...] ::s2 [trin . flere . neθunśl . un . mlaχ . nunθen] A ::1 zuśleve . zarve . ecn . zeri .(Latin labrum ' basin) lecin . in . zec ::2 fler . θezince . śacnicśtreś . cilθś ::3 śpureśtreś . enaś . eθrse . tinśi . tiurim ::4 avilś . χiś . cisum . pute . tul . θans . haθe ::5 repinec . śacnicleri . cilθl . śpureri The first two words are plural locative nouns probably in asyndetic coordination with each other, probably showing poetic alliteration: "With piglets (''zuśleve'') (and) with ''zarva''-s." The rest of 9.1 mirrors 2.2. 9.2 starts: "Sacrifice/present (''θezince'') the victim (''fler'')." The rest through 9.6 mirrors 2.n1-5. B ::6 meθlumeric . enaś . raχθ . tur . heχśθ ::7 vinum . trin . flere . neθunśl .un . mlaχ ::8 nunθen . zuśleve . zarve . faśeic . ecn . zeri ::(9.8-11 = 9.1-4 from ''zuśleve'' to ''θans'') The text from ''raχθ'' in 9.6 to ''nunθen'' in 9.8 reflects the text at 2.13-15, except that there are a few extra words in the earlier text, and after ''flere'' we find ''in crapsti'' ("Jupiter") there as opposed to ''neθunśl'' ("Neptune") here. C ::12 haθec . repinec . śacnicleri . cilθl . śpureri ::13 meθlumeric . enaś . raχθ . suθ . nunθenθ . ::14 zusleve . faśeic . farθan . fleres . neθunśl ::15 raχθ . cletram . śrenχve . nunθenθ . ::16 estrei . alϕazei . zusleve . raχθ eim . tul . var 9.12-13 reflect 9.4-6 above. From ''raχθ'' in 9.13: "Make an offering (''nunθenθ'') placing (''suθ'') (it) on the fire (''raχ-θ'') / with piglets (''zuslev-e'') (see 9.1) and with oil (''faś-ei-c'') (for) the spirit (''farθan'') of the deity (flere-s) of Neptune (''neθunś-l''). / Make and offering (placing it) on the fire with the adorned litter (and?) / with roasted (''estrei''?) barley (''cletram . śrenχve'') (and) with "piglets" (''zuzleva'') in the fire; but do not (ei-m) finish (''tul'' here "completely burn"?) (it); watch (''var'')." (The last clause first occurs at 4.12, and is repeated immediately below in 9.17-18.) Note: It is not completely clear what the exact difference between ''farθan'' and ''flere'' might be. They are clearly distinct since as here there is a ''farθan'' of a ''flere''. Yet both seem to mean something like "inner spirit, genius (in the Latin sense), deity..." D ::17 nunθenθ estrei alϕazei . tei . faśi . em ::18 tul . var . celi . suθ . nunθenθ . flere . neθunśl ::19 un . mlaχ . nunθen . χiś . esviśc . faśei ::20-22 (= 9.4-6 from ''cisum'' to ''enaś'') ::22 ...śin . v.i.n.u.m . flere .neθunśl . χiś 9.17-19: "Make an offering with roasted barley (and) with this (''tei'') oil. Do not / finish; watch. Make an offering setting (''suθ'') (it) on the earth (cel-i) to the deity of Neptune. / To him (''un'') make an appropriate (''mlaχ'') offering with the oil (''faśei'') of ''χi'' ("the right day"?) and of ''esvi'' ("the ides"?)." 9.22: (Say:) 'Receive (''śin'') wine, oh deity of Neptune, with [the oil (''faśei'')] of ''χi-'' ("the right day"?) [and of ''esvi-'' ("the ides"?)]." Note: Most of the phrases here are repetitions or slight variations on those just used. Note, though, that here the offering is set on the earth rather than in/on the fire as above at 9.13. E is missing; what follows is Rix's partial reconstruction based on 9.19 and 4.20-21: ::23 [eśviśc . faśei . sin . aiser . faśe . śin . ais] ::24 [cemnac . faśeiś . raχθ . sutanaś . celi . suθ] ::25-28 [...] 9.22-24: "with the oil of ''χi-'' ("the appropriate day"?) and / of the ides (''eśvi-ś-c''). Receive (''sin''), oh gods (''aiser''), with oil (''faśe''). Receive, oh Ciminian god, / with oil.' Placing (''sutanaś'') (it) on the fire, place (''suθ'') (it) on the earth (''celi'')..." (Or the final phrase may be part of the invocation to the gods.) F ::f1 nacum aisna . hinθu . vinum . trau . prucuna (Blank space of three lines) ::f2 ciem . cealχuś . lauχumneti . eisna . θaχśe/ri ::f3 tur [...] 10.f1: "And so (''nac-um'') (as) a funerary (''hinθu'' or "chthonic") ritual (''aisna''), pour out (''trau'') wine (''vinum'') from the ''prucuna'' jug." 10.f2: "(On) the 27th (''ci-em ce-alχuś'' literally "3 less 30") (of September?) in the sacred palace (''lauχumneti''), a ritual (''eisna'') should be started (''θaχśe-ri''). ====Column 10==== This section is particularly difficult, containing many otherwise unattested words. There is a date given on 10.2, "on the 27th of ''Capeni''," ''Capeni'' being some month after September, probably either October or November. Here again we see reference to the Ciminian god, as well as to the underworld gods Cath(-nis) and Veltha (the former, well known from other inscriptions, the other only seen here and at 6.7 above). A ::1 [..c]epen ::2 sul . peθereni . ciem . cealχuz . capeni ::3 marem . zaχ ame . nacum . cepen . flanaχ ::4 vacl . ar . ratum . χuru . peθereni . θucu ::5 aruś . ame . acnesem . ipa . seθumati . simlχa ::6 θui . turve . acil . hamϕes . laeś . suluśi Notes (following van der Meer, 2007<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 pp. 132-136</ref>): The first word, ''cepen,'' means "priest." Line 10.2 probably means: "The ''Pethereni'' (= kind of priest--archpriest?) (shall conduct?) a ceremony (''sul''?) on the 27th (''ci-em ce-alχuz'' literally "three-from-thirtieth") in (the month of) ''Capeni'' (a month after September)." In line 10.3, ''zaχ'' ''mare-m'' are obscure, except that the last letter in ''mare-m'' is a postposition meaning "however, but, and"; and ''ame'' which means "is/be." So perhaps: "But the ''zaχ'' priest (?) shall be in ''mara'' "? In 10.3-4, the sequence: ''nacum . cepen . flanaχ/⁴ vacl . ar . ratum'' seems to mean: "and so (''nac-um'') the ''Flan'' priest must make (''ar'') an offering/libation (''vacl'') according to the rite (''ratum'')." In 10.4-5: ''χuru peθereni θucu / aruś . ame'' seems to mean: "the archpriest (''χuru peθereni'') of the house (''θuc-u'') / is ''aruś''." The word ''aruś'' (10.5) is otherwise unknown, but may be connected with the ''haru-'' of Latin ''haruspex'' a religious official responsible for interpreting omens by examining the internal organs of sacrificed animals, perhaps also with Umbrian ''erus'' frequently mentioned in the [[Iguvine Tablets]] (for a thorough examination of which term, see Weiss<ref>Weiss, Michael "Umbrian erus" in Language and Ritual in Sabellic Italy. Brill, 2010. pp. 400-424. https://conf.ling.cornell.edu/weiss/Umrian_erus.pdf</ref>). B ::7 θuni . śerϕue . acil . ipei . θuta . cnl . χaśri ::8 heχz . sul . scvetu . caθnis . ścanin . velθa ::9 ipe . ipa . maθcva . ama . trinum . hetrn . aclχn ::10 eis . cemnac . iχ . velθa . etnam . tesim . etnam ::11 celucn . hinθθin . χimθ . ananc . eśi . vacl ::12 ścanin ras truθur . tutimc . an masnur :On the bottom of thecippus of Perugia'outa scun'a afuna mena hen naper ci cnl (three) ' :trinum Latin for three. "First (''θuni'') it is necessary (''acil'') to ''śerϕu-'' (this is the only attestation of this apparent verb form) to her who (''ipei''?) (is?) sacred (''θuta''). It is necessary to ''χaś-'' (this is the only attestation of this verb form) for this (''cnl'') (deity? ritual?). / Adorn (''heχz'') the solemn (''sul'') ''scvetu'' (this is the only attestation of this form). Pour (''ścanin'') (a libation to) ''Caθnis'' (and to) ''Velθa''. / For her and for him (''ipe ipa'' or "wherever"?) may there be (''ama'') ''maθ-''s. Invoke, however, (''trinu-m'') the ''hetr-'' (and?) works (''ac-lχ-n''?) / and the Ciminian (''cemna-c'') god (''eis ''), just as (''iχ'') (was done for) ''Velθa'' both (''etnam'') in the tomb (''tesim'') and (''etnam'') / on the earth (''celu-c-n'') (and for??) whoever (''ananc'') is in the offering place (''χim-θ'') in the underworld (''hinθθin'') (?); or (''eśi'') / pour the libation (''vacl ścanin''); (observe) the national (''ras''?) and (''-c'') local (''tutim-''? or "village"?) omens (''truθur''). Who (''an'') the ''masn'' (offerings)..." (It is unclear how the last two words are to be construed with either what immediately precedes or what follows.) C ::13 θumicle . caθna . imec . faci . θumitle . unuθ ::14 huteri . ipa . θucu . petna . ama . nac . cal ::15 hinθu . heχz . velθe . maθcve . nuθin ::16 śarśanauś . teiś . tura . caθnal . θuium ::17 χuru . cepen . sulχva . maθcvac . pruθseri 10.12- "(The ones??) who (''an'') (make) ''masn-'' offerings / for ''caθna'' in the ''θumicl'' and in the ''ime'' (and?) in the ''fac'' (and) in the ''θumitl'' (= ''θumicl'' ?), to them (''unuθ'' if an error for ''unuχ'') / it is necessary to ''hut-'' where (''ipa'') the house (''θucu'') priest of ''Peθan'' is (''ama''). / Then (''nac'') (sacrifice?) a dog (''cal'' ?) to the underground (''hinθu'') (deities), decorated (''heχz'') for ''Velθa'' with ''maθ-'s (?). Give (''tura'') ''nuθin'' (unknown noun, unless an error for ''nunθen'') / to these (''teis'') ten (priests?) (''śar-śanau-ś'') of the place sacred to Caθ (''caθna-l''). And here (''θui-um'') / the archpriest (''χuru cepen'') must ''pruθs-'' the solemn (''sulχva'') (offerings?) and the ''maθ-''s." Notes: An argument for reading ''nuθin'' in 10.15 as a mistake for ''nunθen'' is that the latter verb co-occurs as here with the verb ''tur(a)'' "give" in both 2.13 and 4.13, and forms of ''nunθen'' also co-occur, as here, with forms of ''tei'' in 2.11, 2.13 and at 9.17--in other words (if we accept this as a mistake here) half of all the forms of ''tei-'' forms attested in this text co-occur with forms of ''nunθen''. So perhaps a better translation from that word on would be "Make an offering of these tithings, (and) present them for ''caθna'' ". There are obviously a lot of unknown and uncertain forms in this section, and perhaps a few scribal errors. But it is fairly clear that chthonic/underworld deities are involved, from ''Caθ'' to ''Peθan'' and ''Velθa''. A form starting with the sequence ''cal'' is on a bronze statue of a dog, making it likely that this is the right meaning here. There are not many references to dog sacrifices in central Italy in this period, but most of those we do have, show that it was typical of sacrifices to chthonic deities. D ::18 vacl . araś . θui . useti . cepen . faθinum ::19 zaneś . vuvcnicś . plutim . tei . mutti . ceśasi/n ::20 ara . ratum . aisna . leitrum . zuθeva . zal ::21 eśic . ci . halχza . θu . eśic . zal . mula . santic ::22 θapna . θapnzac . lena . etera . θec . peisna ::23 hausti . fanuśe . neriś . lape . epa . θui . neri ::24 (illegible) 10.18-19: (Having) performed (''araś'') a libation (''vacl''), here (''θui'') the Osa (or Osenna?) priest (''cepen'') (or "here, in Osa/Osenna, a priest...) (will?) ''ceśas-'' a ''faθinum'' of ''zana'' in the level area (''plutim'' if connected to Latin ''plot-'') of the (sacred) clearing in the wood (''vuvcnic-ś'' if connected to Umbrian ''vucus'' "grove"; compare Latin ''lucus'' "grove," originally "light, open area within a woods" a frequent location for solemn ceremonies) with/in this (''tei'') ''mut'' (perhaps related to ''muti-'' "collect; bind" so perhaps "basket" or "rope" here?)." 10.20: "Make (''ara'') (a libation?) a sacred (''aisna'') ''leitrum'' according to the rite (''ratum''). / Give (''mula'') (and?) two (''zal'') or (''eśic'') ci (''three'') ''zuθe'' vases, / (and) one (''θu'') or two small ''halχ'' vases, and a ''santi'' / cup (''θapna''), and a small cup (''θapn-za-c'')." The rest of this section is obscure, except ''epa'' which probably means "meal" and ''θui'' "here," both in 10.23. Perhaps: "(And) the tomb (''etera'') official (''lena''?) and the ''θe peisna'' (priest?) (shall give) a funerary (''lape''?? error for ''lup-''??) meal (''epa'') in the ''haus'' tomb chamber (''fanu-ś-e'') of ''neri'', (and) here in ''neri''..." (E is missing) F ::f1 santic . vinum θui θapnac . θapnzac . sucus ::f2 halχze . θui . θi . vacl . ceśasin . θumsa . cilva ::f3 neri . canva . carsi . putnam . θu . calatnam ::f4 tei . lena . haustiś . enac . eśi . catnis . heci ::f5 spurta . sulsle . napti . θui . laiscla . heχz . ner/i ::f6 [...] trinum . vetis . une . mlac . sanθi 10.f1-2: "And (use?) ''santi'' wine here (''θui'' = "at this point in the ceremony"?), and both a cup (''θapna-c'') and a small cup ('' θapn-za-c''); furthermore a mug (''muc-um'') / with a small vase (''halχ-z-e''); at this point (''θui'') ''ceśas'' (verb or adjective? "use"??) water (''θi'') (as) the libation (''vacl''), ''θum''-ing the hilltops (''cilva'' if an error for ''cilθ-cva''). 10.f3 is mostly (even more) obscure except for ''θu'' "one." 10.f4: "At this point (''tei'' literally "with this") the (tomb?) official (''lena''?) will then (''enac'') adorn (''heci'') (the area of) the ''haus'' or of (the area sacred to) Caθ (?)." 10.f5: " A basket with a small ''sul'' in a ''nap'' (some body of water? or a measure?), at this point (''θui'') adorning (''hecz'') the things on the left (''laiscla'') in ''neri''." 10.f6: "...and invoke (''trin-um'') ''Vetis'', (present) for him (''une'') an appropriate (''mlac'') (thing) in a ''san'' (dish)." ''Vetis'' seems to be a kind of Apolline chthonic Jupiter figure, perhaps ultimately related to Latin [[Vejovis|Vedius]] (also an underworld Jupiter).<ref>L. B. van der Meer Liber linteus zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. Louvain/Dudley, MA 2007 p.137-145</ref> ====Column 11==== This sections shares some vocabulary with columns 5,6,7 an 10. No discernible month name is given, but the numbers referring to dates show up in 11.12 "the 18th" and on 11.17 "on the 29th and the 28th." There seems to be a reference back to a rite to Neptune on the 24th of September (mentioned in 8.3) on line 11.15: "as on the 24th," and a further backreference to Neptuen on 11.16. The god ''Veie'' is mentioned--related to or perhaps identical with ''Vetis'' in the previous section and undoubtedly connected to Latin [[Vejovis]]--and also ''Satre'' the Etruscan form of [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]]. A ::11.1 acnlas . celi pen etnam [...]sna celi . suθ ::11.2 vacl . vinum . śantiśtś . celi . pen . trutum ::11.3 θi . θapneśtś . trutanaśa .hanθin . celi ::11.4 tur . hetum . vinum . θic . vacl . heχz . etnam ::11.5 iχ . matam . cnticnθ . cepen . teśamitn ::11.6 murce . θi . nunθen . etnam . θi . truθ . etnam "The ''ancla'' must be ''pen'' ("placed"??) on the ground (''cel-i'' or "in September"), then (''etnam'') place (''suθ'') on the ground (''celi''). / Place (''pen''?) the libation (''vacl'') of ''śanti'' cup (''śantiś-t-ś'' or "of the on by the ''santi'' a gen. of a loc.) wine on the ground, and inspect for omens (''trut-um'') / the water (''θi'') of the dish (''θapneś-t-ś'' or "of the one by the dish" a genetive of a locative), inspecting (''trutanaśa'') (also?) toward the southin front (of you?) (''hanθin'' or "in front (of you?)"?) on the ground (''celi''). / Give (''tur'') ''hetum ("incense"?),'' wine and water (''θi-c'') as libation (''vacl'') (and) put (''heχz'' or "place") (them in their proper places?). Just (''etnam'') / as (''iχ'') ("was done," or "was described") before (''matam'' or "above" in the text?). The local (''cnticnθ'') priest (''cepen'') (who) has stayed (''mur-ce'') during the tomb ceremony (''teśamitn'' ? or "funeral"?; probably related to ''tesim'' "tomb" seen in 7.10), (must) offer (''nunθen'') water (''θi''). Then (''etnam'') inspect for omens (''truθ'') the water (''θi''), both..." B ::11.7 hanθin. etnam . celucn . etnam . aθumitn ::11.8 peθerieni . eslem . zaθrum . mur . in velθineś ::11.9 cilθś . vacl . ara . θui .useti . catneti . slapiχun ::11.10 slapinaś . favin . ufli . spurta . eisna . hinθu ::11.11 cla . θesns "...in the south (''hanθi-n''? or "in front"?) and ('' etnam'') in the west (''celuc-n'' ?or "on the ground"?) and ('' etnam'') in the north (''aθumit-n'' ? or "high above"?). / The priest of Pethan (underwold god) (shall conduct the ceremonies) on the 18th at the stopping-place (''mur'') that (''in'') (is in the area) of the citadel (''cilθ-ś'') of Velθina. / Make a libation (''vacl'') here (''θu-i'' or "at this point" or "on this date") in the Osa River (''use-ti''?) (and?) in the (area sacred to?) ''Caθ'' (?), (and carry out) a ritual burning (''slapiχun'') of a ''slapina'' ("effigy for burning"?), (and) ''favin'' ("burn to ashes" ? if related to Latin ''favilla'' "hot ashes") a basket (''spurta'') with a lump of flower (''ufl-i'' if related to Latin ''ofella'' "little ball of flower") (as) an underworld (''hinθu '') ritual (''eisna''). This (''cla'') morning (''θesn-s'' in the genitive of time) (ends the ritual)." A word ''uvlin)'' in the second line of the [[North Picene language|North Picene Novilara Stele]] may be related to ''ufli'' (''ball of flower'') in 11.10. C (Blank space of three lines) ::11.12 eslem . cealχus . etnam . aisna . canal ::11.13 _tuχlac_ . _eθri . suntnam . ceχa ::11.14 cntnam . θesan . fler . veiveś . θezari 11.12-13: "Then (''etnam'') on the 28th (''eslem . cealχus'') the ritual (''aisna'') (for the sanctifying) of the work of art (''cana-l'' = "tomb mural"? or "of December"?) / and of the house (''tuχ-la-c'' if from ''θuc'' "house")(takes place?)." The beginning of 11.13 is obscure. Besides "of the house," ''tuχlac'' could also be a name, or diminutive (in -la-) of "house." The form ''eθri'' is either a necessitive of an otherwise unknown verb ''eθ'' or a locative of an equally unknown noun *''eθra''. The form ''suntnam'' could be a mis-writing of ''sunt'' (apparently a kind of vase) plus ''etnam'' "then, further. What these actually mean, and how and if they fit together with the last word in 11.13 ''ceχa'' "above, on behalf of" remains to be resolved. 11.14: "During this same morning (''cntnam θesan'') a sacrificial victim (''fler'') must be sacrificed (''θeza-ri'' or "presented"?) for Veioves." The underlining in 1.13 marks the end of one paragraph and the beginning of a new one. D ::11.15 etnam . aisna a[r]a iχ huθiś zaθrumiś ::11.16 flerχvetr[-] neθunśl .cn . θunt . ei . tul . var (Blank space of two lines) ::11.17 θunem . cialχu[ś . e]tnam . iχ . eslem . cialχuś ::11.18 canal . fler[...] cntnam . θesan 11.15- 16: "Then perform (''ara'' or "make") a ritual (''aisna'') just as (''iχ'') (was performed) on the 24th (''huθiś zaθrumiś'' probably of September--see 8.3), (with) a set of sacrificial victims (''fler-χve-tr-'') for Neptune (''neθunś-l''); (perform) this (cn) at first (''θunt'') (light?). Do not (''ei'') ''tul'' ("finish"?) but ''var'' ("wait"? "watch"?) (for the sunrise?). 11.17: "on the 31st also as on the 29th of ''cana'' ("December" or "art work") a sacrificial victim (''fler-'' ?); during the morning (''cntnam θesan'') (the ritual will be completed)." (E is missing) F ::11.f1 flanac . farsi lant c[...] flanac . farsi ::11.f2 tunt . enac . etnam . aθumic . θlupcva ::11.f3 ceśum . tei . lanti . ininc . eśi . tei . χimθ ::11.f4 streta . satrs . enac . θucu . hamφeθiś . rinuś ::11.f5 θui . araś . sucus . ania.χeś . rasna . hilar ::11.f6 [...]tram. catrua . hamφes . leiveś "And a ''flan'' priest in the ''far'' (and?) in the ''lan'' (must perform this rite?)... And the ''flan'' priest in the ''far'' / (and?) in the one (''tu-n-t'' if for ''θunt'') then (''enac'') also (''etnam'') (must do the same?) in the north (''aθumic '') (for?) the [[chthonic]] gods (''θlupcva'' if an error for ''θluscva''), / whether anyone (''ininc'' if an error for ''an-an'c'' or "whoever/whatever") lying (''ceś-um'' if an error for ''cei-um'') here in the ''lan-'' (''tei lanti'') or (''eśi'') in this offering place (''tei χimθ'') / (or) in the Saturnalia (''streta'' or "place of Satr") of Saturn (''satr-s''); Then (''enac'') (perform the ritual) at the house (''θucu'') of the right hand (''hamφeθiś rinuś''); at this point (''θui'' or "here" or "on this date"?) making (ar-as) the valley (''mucum'' or "mug"?) of the area of the Ania River (''ania.χeś'') public (''rasna''or Etruscan) property (''hilar'')..." The fragment ''-tram'' could be ''cletram'' "litter" or ''cntram'' "on the same (morning)." The form ''catrua'' is otherwise unattested, possibly related to Latin ''caterva'' "group, croud." The frequent pair ''hamφes leiveś'' means "of the right (and) of the left." ====Column 12==== In this last section, only one partial date is mentioned, "the 29th" (month unspecified) on 12.10. Gods mentioned include ''aiseraś . śeuś'' 12.2 and ''uni(alti)'' 12.10 and possibly ''Caθ(re)'' in line 12.14. A ::12.1 luθt raχ musce ca useti capiθi etnam ::12.2 aisna . iχ . nac . reuśce . aiseraś . śeuś ::12.3 θunχulem . muθ . hilarθune . eteric ::12.4 caθre . χim . enaχ . unχ va . meθlumθ. puts ::12.5 muθ . hilarθuna . tecum . etrinθi . muθ ::12.6 nac . θuc . unχ va . hetum . hilarθuna . θenθ "(As for) the fire (''raχ'') ''mus'-ed on the stone (''luθ-t''), this (''ca'') (must be put??) in the Osa river at ''capi''. Then (''etnam'') / (perform) the ritual (''aisna'') just as (''iχ nac'') it was done (''reuś-ce''??) for the Gods of Darkness (''aiseraś śeuś''), / and in harmony (''θunχul-em'' or "unity"?) gather (''muθ'') the assembly of property owners (''hilarθune'') and the plebians (''eteri-c'') / at the place sacred to Cath (''caθ-r-e'') for the offering (''χim''). (As for the) property owners (''hilarθuna''), collect (''muθ'') whatever (''enaχ'') (is) theirs (''unχva'') (and) place (''puts'') (them) in the midst of the people (''meθlumθ'' or "in the city"). / And give (''tec-um''??) what has been collected (''muθ''??) to the plebians (''etrinθi''??). / because (''nac'' or "so") their (''unχva'') (possessions? deads?) (are) communal (''θuc'' or "house"), and purify (''hetum''??) the property owners (''hilarθuna''?) in the ''θen''..." B ::12.7 hursic . caplθu . ceχa m . enac eisna . hinθu ::12.8 hetum . hilarθuna . eteric . caθra ::12.9 etnam . aisna . iχ . matam . (small blank space here) vacltnam ::12.10 θunem . cialχuś . masn . unialti . ursmnal ::12.11 aθre . acil an sacnicn . cilθ . ceχa . sal "and in the ''hurs''. (As for) the ''capl'' people, (perform) also for (them) (''ceχa-m'') a chthonic (''hinθu'' or "funerary") ritual (''w''); (and) purify the property owners and the plebians (and? or at?) the area sacred to ''Caθ.'' / So (''etnam '') (perform?) the ritual as before (''aisna iχ matam''). Then (''-tnam'') (make) a libation (''vacl'') / on the 29th (''θunem cialχuś'' literally "of one less thirty") (and) you must build (''aθre acil'') a ''mas'' in the (sacred area) of Juno (''uni-al-ti'' locative on a genitive) of the bear (''urmnal''?? if related to Latin ''ursa''; or "of Orsminmius"?) who (''an'') herself (''sal'') (watches?) over (''ceχa'') the citadel (''cilθ'') of the priesthood (''sacnicn'')." The last phrase mirrors a similar one at 7.7. C ::12.12 cus . cluce . caperi . samtic . svem . θumsa ::12.13 matan . cluctraś . hilar 12.12: "(and make a libation?) ''cus'' with a cloak (''cluce''?) (and) with a golden cape (''caperi samti-c''?)." This phrase mirrors a similar one at 8.10. 12'12-13: "and the ''sve'' priest (''sve-m''?) (and make a libation?) ''θum''-ing / before (''matan'') the property (''hilar'') of the priesthood." For the last line, Steinbauer offers: "before dressing (''cluctr-aś'' as if a participle of ''cluctr-'' but the root should be merely ''cluc-''). The end (''hilar'')."<ref>Steinbauer, D.H. ''Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen'' (Studia Classica, Band 1) St. Katharinen 1999. p.354</ref> (The rest of C is blank, as are D and F and probably the missing E was blank as well.)